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Cabbage(Brassica oleraceae var. Capitata); Brasicaceae

Varieties

  • Hills:   Pusa Mukta
  • Plains: Golden Acre and Pusa Drum Head

Soil

  • It is grown in varied types of soils ranging from sandy loam to clay.
  • It requires a pH range of 5.5 to 6.5

Season of Sowing

  • Hills :     January – February, July – August and September – October.
  • Plains :  August – November.

Seed Rate

650 g/ha.

Nursery

  • 100 sq.m nursery area/ha.
  • Apply FYM at 300 kg and 10 kg of No.5 mixture (9:9:9) along with 50 g of sodium molybdate and 100 g of borax.
  • Sow the seeds in rows drawn at 10 cm spacing in raised seed beds after drenching it with Copper oxychloride (2.5 g/l).
    Seedlings will be ready for transplanting in 40-45 days after sowing.
  • Avoid land infected with club root disease‘.

Protected Nursery

  • Raise the seedlings in shade net house.
  • A nursery area of 5 cents with a slanting slope of 2% is required for the production of seedlings for 1 ha.
  • Cover the nursery area with 50 per cent shade net and the sides with 40/50 mesh insect proof nylon net.
  • Form the raised beds of 1m width and convenient length inside the nursery and above the beds, the portrays are placed.

Protray

  • The Protrays of 98 cells are ideal for cabbage seedling production.
  • Around 300 protrays are required for the production of 29,400 seedlings required for one hectare at spacing of 60 x 45 x 45 cm in three row planting

Growing Medium

The sterilized cocopeat @ 720 kg / ha is mixed with 10 kg of neem cake and
Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria each @ 1kg. About 1.25 kg of the cocopeat medium is required for each tray.

Seed Treatment

  • 250 g of hybrid cabbage seeds are required for the production of seedlings for 1 ha.
  • Treat the seeds in hot water @ 50C for 30 minutes.
  • 25g of Azospirillum is required for the seed treatment of 250g cabbage seeds.

Sowing

  • Sow the seeds in protrays @ 1 seed per cell.
  • Cover the seeds with cocopeat and keep the tray one over the other (8-10 Nos) and covered with polythene sheet for 5 days or till germination starts.
  • After 5 days when the seeds are germinated arrange the protrays on the raised beds inside the shade net nursery.
  • Water the tray by rose can everyday (twice / day) upto seed germination.
  • Drench with 19:19:19 + MN @ 0.5 % (5g/lit) solution using rose can or spray micro nutrient of 0.5 % at 18 days after sowing.
  • The cabbage seedlings are ready for transplanting in 25 days

Preparation of Field

  • Bring the soil to a fine tilth.
  • Pits should be taken up at a spacing of 40 cm either way
    in Hills.
  • Ridges and furrows are formed at 45 cm apart in plains.

Spacing

Hills : 40 x 40 cm
Plains : 45 x 30 cm

Irrigation

Provide continuous supply of moisture

Drip Irrigation

  • Install drip system with main and sub-main and place the inline laterals at the intervalof 1.5 m.
  • Place the drippers at the interval of 60 cm for 4 LPH or 50 cm for 3.5 LPH in the
    lateral system.
  • Form the raised beds at 120 cm width at an interval of 30cm and place the
    laterals at the centre of each bed.

Application of Fertilizers

Hills

  • Apply 30 t/ha FYM, 90 kg N, 90 kg P and 90 kg K as basal and 45:45:45 kg NPK/ha 30 to 45 days after planting.
  • Apply departmental micronutrient mixture (borax & molybdenum) @ 2 kg per ha as basal dressing.
    Plains
    Apply 20 t/ha of FYM. 50 kg N, 125 kg P and 25 kg K/ha along with 2 kg Azospirillum as basal and 50 kg N after one month of planting and earth up.

Micronutrients

  • Basal soil application of 50kg ZnSo4 ha-1 or 37.5 kg ZnSo4 enriched with FYM (1:10 ratio)
  • 10 kg borax ha-1 for B deficient soil.
  • 10 kg CuSo4 as basal or 7.5 kg CuSo4 as enriched FYM (1:10 ratio)
  • 1 kg Sodium molybdate ha-1 as soil application
  • Foliar Spraying: – 0.5 % ZnSo4 twice on 45 days after planting and 10 days later – 0.2% CuSo4 twice on 45 days after planting and 10 days later

Spacing

60x 45 x 45 cm in paired row system

After Cultivation
Deep hoeing should be avoided, as the Cabbage roots are surface
feeders.
Fertigation Schedule

Recommended Dose: 200:125:150 kg/ha

 

StageCrop stageDuration in daysFertilizer gradeTotal fertilizer (kg/ha)Nutrient supplied% requirement
NPKNPK
1Transplanting to plant establishment1019:19:19 + MN
13-0-45
Urea
32.87
19.42
24.36
6.25
2.52
11.21
6.25

6.25
8.74
10.005.0010.00
Subtotal19.986.2514.99   
2Head initiation stage3012-61-0
13-0-45
Urea
20.37
133.20
130.74
2.44
17.32
60.14
12.50


59.94
30.0010.0030.00
Subtotal79.9012.5059.54   
3Head initiation to development stage3019:19:19+
MN
13-0.45
Urea
32.87
86.02
92.37
6.25
11.18
42.49
6.25

6.25
38.71
20.005.0020.00
Subtotal59.926.2544.96   
4Harvesting stage3512-61-0
13-0-45
Urea
10.18
66.60
65.38
1.22
8.66
30.07
6.25


29.97
40.005.0040.00
 Total duration105 Subtotal39.956.2529.97   
Total199.75
(or)
200.00
31.25149.85
(or)
150.00
10025100

Plant Protection

1.Diamond back moth: Plutella xylostella

Symptoms of damage:

  • Young caterpillars cause small yellow mines on leaves
  • Scrapping of epidermal leaf tissues producing typical whitish patches on leaves
  • Full-grown larvae bite holes in the leaves and feeds on curd

Management:

  • Remove and destroy all debris and stubbles after harvest of crop
  • Grow mustard as trap crop at 2:1 ratio (cabbage: mustard) to attract DBM 
  • Spray mustard crop with dichlorvos 76 WSC 0.076% to avoid dispersal of the larvae
  • Pheromone traps @12/ha

2.Cabbage borer: Hellula undalis

Symptoms of damage:

  • The larva webs the leaves and bore into the stem, stalks or leaf veins

Management:

  • Collect and destroy mechanically caterpillars in the early stages of attack
  • Bacillus thuringiensis @ 2g/lit at primordial stage
  • Cartap hydrochloride @ 500g/ha or malathion 50 EC @500ml/ha

3.Leaf webber: Crocidolomia binotalis

   

Symptoms of damage:

  • Young larva feeds gregariously on leaves
  • Later webs together the leaves feed within

Management:

  • Remove and destroy the webbed leaves with caterpillars within
  • Set up light traps@1/ha
  • Encourage the activity of parasitoid: Cotesia crocidolomiae
  • Spray malathion 50 EC @ 0.1% or carbaryl 0.2%

4.Cabbage green semilooper Trichoplusia ni

   

Symptoms of damage:

  • Scrabbing of leaves initially and defoliation

Management:

  • Hand pick and destroy the caterpillars
  • Set up light trap @1/ha
  • Spray insecticides like malathion 50EC @ 0.1% ha

5.Cabbage butterfly: Pieris brassicae, P.rapae

   

Symptoms of damage:

  • Defoliation
  • Bores into the heads of cabbage

Management:

  • Collect and destroy caterpillars in the early stage of attack
  • Conserve parasitoids like Cotesia glomeratus
  • Spray insecticides like quinalphos 25 EC @1000 ml.

6.Tobacco caterpillar: Spodoptera litura

Symptoms of damage:

  • Damage leaves and heads of cabbage and cauliflower
  • Damage leaves of radish and beet root

Management:

  • Plough the soil to expose and kill the pupae
  • Grow castor along border and irrigation channel as trap crop
  • Flood the field to drive out the hibernating larvae
  • Set up light trap @1/ha
  • Pheromone traps (Pherodin SL) @ 15/ha to attract male moths

7.Cabbage aphid: Brevicoryne brassicae

Symptoms of damage:

  • Yellowing
  • Crinkling and cupping
  • Distorted primordia
  • Presence of white cast skin at the base of the plant

Management:

  • Install yellow sticky trap @12 no/ha to monitor “macropterous” adults (winged adult).
  • Spray neem oil 3 % with 0.5 ml Teepol/lit
  • Spray any one of the following insecticide

8.Mustard aphid: Lipaphis erysimi

Symptoms of damage:

  • Both nymph and adults suck the sap from leaves, buds and pods
  • Curling of infested leaves and at advanced stage plants may wither and die
  • Plants remain stunted and sooty molds grow on the honeydew excreted by the insects

Management:

  • Set up yellow stick trap to monitor aphid population.
  • Conserve the natural enemies viz., Cocciniella septempunctata, Menochilus sexmaculata,
  • Spray dimethoate@ 2 ml /lit

Nutritional Deficiency

1.Nitrogen

Nitrogen

Deficiency Symptoms

Yellowing of old leaves; stunted plant growth

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of urea@1%

2.Phosphorus

Phosphorus

Deficiency Symptoms

Pigmentation in old leaves; curd size and quality will be affected

Correction Measure

Soil application of recommended dose phosphorus

3.Potassium

Potassium

Deficiency Symptoms
  • Appears first on oldest cabbage leaves as spots shiny green leaves turn dull green, leaf margins turn a yellowish green followed by withering mature heads are loose and smaller.
  • In K-deficient cauliflower, leaf tips turn brown, leaves turn inward and can have a crinkled surface.
Correction Measure

Foliar spray of K2SO4 1% twice at weekly intervals

4.Calcium

Calcium

Deficiency Symptoms

Leaf growth will be inhibited; scorching symptoms occur in new leaves

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of CaCl2@1%

5.Magnesium

Magnesium deficiency in plants - Haifa Group

Deficiency Symptoms

Stunted plant growth; leaves become small; yellowing symptoms occur in old leaves

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of [email protected]%

6.Sulphur

Sulphur

Deficiency Symptoms

Youngest leaves turned purplish, cupped upward leaf edges rolled in.

Correction Measure

Soil application of Gypsum 50 kg/ha

7.Boron

Calcium and Boron Deficiencies in Brassica Crops | Weekly Crop Update

Deficiency Symptoms

Apical growing points stop developing leaves thick brittle and irregular chlorosis.

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of Borax 0.5 % at fortnightly intervals

8.Copper

Copper

Deficiency Symptoms

Symptoms occur in young leaves; leaf growth will be affected; curd size also affected

Correction Measure

Folia spray of [email protected]%

9. Iron

Iron

Deficiency Symptoms

Chlorosis occur in young leaves; leaves become smaller in size; stunted plant growth

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of [email protected]%

10. Manganese

Manganese

Deficiency Symptoms

Symptoms seen in young leaves; occurence of chlorosis; leaves become pale yellow in color

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of [email protected]%

11.Molybdenum

Molybdenum

Deficiency Symptoms

Stunted plant growth with malformed leaves

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of sodium molybdate @ 10mg/litre

12.Zinc

Zinc

Deficiency Symptoms

Occurence of little leaf symptoms; curd size will be small; chlorosis occur in young leaves

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of [email protected]%

Diseases

1.Club root disease – Plasmodiophora brassicae

Club Root Disease: Symptoms, Treatment and Control | Planet Natural

Symptoms

  • Stunting and yellowing of plants
  • Leaves become yellowish and wilt on hot days.
  • Club like swelling of root and root lets

Management

  • Soil fumigation with Methly bromide 1kg/10m 2  followed by covering with plastic film.
  • Seed treatment with Captan/Thiram 4g/kg, followed by T.viride 4g/kg.
  • Application of lime 2.5 t/ha.
  • Soil drenching with Copper oxychloride 0.25%.

2.Downy mildew: Peronospora parasitica

Cabbage downy mildew (192)

Symptoms

  • It may attack young plants and also at the seed production stage when high humidity prevails during seed production stage.
  • The fungus when attacks the young seedlings, discoloration occurs and in severe cases the whole plant perishes.

Management

  • Seed treatment with Metalaxyl (Apron 6g/kg of seed )
  • Foliar spraying with Metalaxyl (Ridomil) 0.4%

3.Root rot: Rhizoctonia solani 

Symptoms

  • Young plants show soft, water soaked lesion on the stem near soil level, the cotyledons wither and the plant eventually falls over and perishes.

Management

  • Nursery beds: Soil drenching with Methyl bromide @ 1 kg/10 m 2 and covered with polythene sheet.
  • Seed treatment with Captan / Thiram 4g/kg, followed by seed treatment with Trichoderma viride 4g / kg.

4.Black spot: Alternaria sp.

black spot (Alternaria brassicicola)

Symptoms

  • In older plants, leaves, petioles, and stems small, brown to black circular 
  • It causes damage to cabbage heads and cauliflower curds after maturity and during seed production stage.

Management

  • First foliar spraying with Tridemorph 0.1% followed by spraying with Mancozeb 0.25% a month interval.

5.Black leg: Phoma lingam

Diseases of Cabbage - Supreme Biogen Seeds

Symptoms

  • It is caused by Phoma lingam and occurs in most regions, with rainfall during the growing period.
  • The fungus is carried by the seed and hence it may occur from the early stage.

Management

  • Spraying the seed plants with copper oxychloride or with an organo mercuric compound.
  • Seed treatment with Captan or Thiram 4g/kg of seed, followed by seed treatment with Trichoderma viride 4g/ kg.

6.Powdery mildew: Erysiphe polygoni

Cabbage powdery mildew | Alan Buckingham

Symptoms

  • Initially, white tufts of mould arise on the upper surface of the leaves and later run together and the entire leaf becomes covered with greyish white mycelium.

Management

  • Spary inorganic sulphur 0.25% or Dinocap 0.05%

7.Damping off: Pythium  debaryanum Damping off on cabbage-Kenya: Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp. and ...

Symptoms

  • Black and reddish brown lesion on the collar region.
  • Finally infected seedling are toppled on the ground surface.
  • The disease is promoted by high humidity and high temperature and the damage in the seed bed, in general, is considerable.

Management

  • Seed treatment with Captan/Thiram 4g/kg, followed by seed treatment with T.viride 4g/kg

8.Black rot: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Cabbage black rot: Symptoms, Cause and Treatment - GardenHow

Symptoms

  • The infection of the foliage results in yellow ‘V’ shaped spots arising along the margin which extend in the direction of the midrib.
  • These spots are associated with a typical black discoloration of the veins.

Management

  • Seed treatment with Aureomycin 1000ppm for 30 min is effective in killing seed-borne pathogen.
  • Drenching the nursery soil with formaldehyde 0.5% helps in checking the disease.
  • Application of bleaching powder at 10.0 to 12.5 kg/ha controls the disease.

Yield

Hills: 70 – 80 t/ha in 150 days.
Plains: 25 – 35 t/ha in 120 days.

Market Information

Crop Growing districts                           Nilgris, Krishnagiri, Theni, Erode
Major markets in Tamil Nadu               Mettupalayam, Ottanchathiram, Hosur and Dindigul
Grade Specification                                Size and Weight