Soil –
Citrus can grow in all types of soils. Light Soils having good drainage are suitable for its cultivation. pH range of soil should be 5.5-7.5. They can also grow in slightly alkaline and acidic soils. Light loam well drained soils are best for citrus cultivation.
Climate –
The crop can be cultivated in both Tropical and subtropical climate
Young plants need regular watering during post-monsoon period at an interval of
8-10 days and at 5-7 days during summer months. Water is applied around the periphery of
the tree in a ring and basin system (double ring) so that tree trunk should not come in direct
contact with water. Avoid water stagnation. Adopt drip system for new plantations.
Fertilizer requirement
| Age of crop (Year) | Well decomposed cow dung (kg/tree) | Urea (gm/tree) |
| First to three year | 5-20 | 100-300 |
| Four to Six | 25-50 | 400-500 |
| Seven to Nine | 60-90 | 600-800 |
| Ten and above | 100 | 800-1600 |
Nutrient requirement
| Age of crop (Year) | Well decomposed cow dung (kg/tree) | Nitrogen (gm/tree) |
| First to three year | 5-20 | 50-150 |
| Four to Six | 25-50 | 200-250 |
| Seven to Nine | 60-90 | 300-400 |
| Ten and above | 100 | 400-800 |
When age of crop is 1-3year, apply well decomposed cow dung@5-20kg per Tree and Urea@100-300gm per Tree. For 4-6year old crop, apply well decomposed cowdung@25-50kg and Urea@100-300gm per Tree. For 7-9year old crop, apply Urea@600-800gm per tree and well decomposed cow dung@60-90kg per Tree. When crop is 10year old or above, apply cowdung@100kg or Urea@800-1600gm per tree.
Apply whole amount of cow dung during December month whereas apply Urea in two parts, apply first of Urea in February, and second dose in April-May month. At time of applying first dose of Urea, apply whole dose of SSP fertilizer.
If fruit drop is observed, to control excessive fruit drop, take spray of 2,4-D@10gm in 100Ltr of water. Take first spray in March end, then in April end. Repeat the spray in August and September end. If cotton is planted in nearby field of citrus, avoid spraying of 2,4-D, instead take spray of GA3.
Remove branches of main stem up to 45 cm from ground level. Periodical
removal of dried twigs along with one inch length of basal green wood and destroying them
by
burning should be done. Spray Zinc sulphate @ 0.5% (500 g /100 lit of water) thrice in a
year (March, July and October) after the emergence of new flushes.
The basins should be mulched with dry leaf waste or paddy husk with about 10 cm thickness
so as to arrest weed growth and also to conserve soil moisture, thereby improving the fruit
quality.
Legumes and vegetable crops can be raised during pre-bearing age
To increase fruit set, spray 2, 4 – D @ 20 ppm (200 mg / 10 l) during
flowering.
For fruit retention, spray 2, 4 – D @ 20 ppm or NAA 30 ppm (300 mg / l) after fruit
set (marble size).
1) Citrus Canker:
Plants have lesions on stems, leaves and fruits with brown, water-soaked margins. Citrus canker bacteria can enter through plant’s stomata into the leaves. Younger leaves are highly susceptible. Lesions oozes bacterial cells which can be dispersed by blowing wind to healthy plants in area.
Contaminated equipment tends to spread disease to healthy plants. Bacteria can stay viable in old lesions for several months. It can be detected by appearance of lesions. It can be controlled by cutting of effected branches, twigs. Spraying of Bordeaux mixture @1%. Aqueous solution of 550ppm, Streptomycin Sulphate is also helpful in controlling citrus canker.
2) Gummosis:
Exudation of gum from bark of tree is the characteristic symptom of gummosis disease. Affected plant leaves turns to pale yellow in color. Hardness masses of gum are common on stem and leaf surfaces. In severe cases, bark may be destroyed by rotting and tree may dies. Plant dies before the fruit matures. This disease is also called foot rot. This disease can be managed through proper selection of site with proper drainage, use of resistant varieties etc. Plant injuries should be avoided. Drench the soil with 0.2% metalaxyl MZ-72 + 0.5% trichoderma viride, which helps to control this disease. Bordeaux mixture should be applied to plant upto 50-75 cm height from ground level at least once in a year.
3)Powdery mildew:
White cottony powdery growth is noticed on all aerial plant parts. Leaves tend to become pale yellow and crinkle. Distorted margins are also seen. Upper surface of leaves are more affected. Young fruits drop off prematurely. Yield is reduced significantly. To control powdery mildew, affected plant parts should be removed and destroyed completely. Carbendazim, three times at 20-22 days of interval helps to control this disease.
4) Black Spot: Black spot is a fungal disease. Circular, dark spots on fruits are seen. Copper spray in early spring should be sprayed on foliage helps to cure plants from black spots. It should be repeated in 6 weeks again.
5)Collar Rot:Collar rot is also caused due to fungus. This disease mainly affects the bark on tree trunk. Bark begins to rot and forms a band just above ground surface, this band decay gradually and covers the whole trunk. It is very severe in some cases that even the trees may die. This is caused due to incorrect mulching, injury due to weeding, mowing etc. Tree may lose its vigor. To protect trees from collar rot, cut and scrape away the soft, infected bark to clean the trunk of tree. Mixture of copper spray or Bordeaux mixture should be painted on the affected part of the tree. Remove all the weak, diseased and congested tree branches to ensure proper air circulation.
6) Zinc Deficiency: It is very common in citrus trees. It is notified as yellow areas between main lateral veins and midrib of the leaves. Twigs may die back, dense shoots having stunted bushy appearance is commonly seen. Fruits tend to become pale, elongated and small in size. Proper fertilizer application should be given to the citrus tree to prevent zinc deficiency. Zinc sulphate should be provided by dissolving 2 table spoons in 10 liters of water. This should be sprayed thoroughly on all the tree branches and foliage. It can also be cured by providing cow or sheep manure.
7)Iron deficiency: Color of new leaves changes to yellowish green. Iron chelates should be provided to the plants. Cow or Sheep manure is also helpful to cure plants from iron deficiency. This deficiency mostly occurs in case of alkaline soils.
1) Leaf miner: Larvae inside the upper or lower surface of young and newly emerged leaves are curled and look distorted. Young trees show a reduction in growth due to leaf miner. Best management for leaf miner is to leave it alone and let the natural enemies to feed upon them and parasitize their larvae. It can also be controlled by spraying Phosphomidon @1ml or Monocrotophos @1.5ml per 3-4 times fortnightly. Pheromone traps are also available for detecting leaf minor moths.
2)Citrus Psylla: These are Juice sucking pests. Damage is mainly caused by Nymphs. It injects a plant toxin liquid which burns foliage and skin of fruit. Leaves curl and fall off prematurely. It can be controlled by pruning of diseased plants, burning them. Spraying of Monocrotophos-0.025% or carbaryl- 0.1% can also be helpful.
3) Scale Insects: Citrus scale insects are small insects that suck sap from the citrus trees and fruits. Honeydew is produced which is feasted upon by ants. They do not have much mouth parts. Male citrus scale has a short life span. There are mainly two types of scale on citrus plants armored scale and soft scales. Armored scale insects insert their mouth parts in the plant and never move again, eating and reproducing in the same spot. Soft scale bugs on citrus form a protective coating, which in turns cover citrus leaves and prevents photosynthesis. Once dead, soft scale will fall from tree instead of remaining stuck. They can be controlled with the introduction of indigenous parasitic wasps. Neem oil is also effective against them. Spraying of Parathion (0.03%) emulsion, dimethoate 150ml or malathion @0.1% are effective against scale control.
4) Aphids & Mealy Bugs:
They are small sap sucking pests. Bugs are present on the underside of leaves. Synthetic pyritheriods or pest oil can be used to control aphids and bugs.
Apply Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20g per tree at a depth of 15 cm and 50 cm away
from the trunk for the management of slow decline due to the citrus root nematode,
Tylenchulus semipenetrans. Soil application of carbofuran 10G @ 2g followed by
drenching with metalaxyl plus mancozeb 72 WP @ 0.1% 50 ml/ cutting/ poly bag/ kg of
nursery soil for citrus decline.
On attaining proper size, shape along with attractive color having TSS to Acid ratio of 12:1, lime fruits is ready for harvest. Depending upon variety fruits are generally ready for harvesting in Mid- January to Mid- February. Do harvesting at proper time as too early or too late harvesting will give poor quality.
Harvested fruits are graded according to size and colour and packed in bamboo baskets or
wooden crates lined with green foliage. Treating the fruits with 4% wax emulsion followed by
pre-packing in 200 gauge polythene bags with 1 % ventilation improves the shelf life for
more than 10 days.
.25 t /ha /year.
Application of Carbofuran 3G @ 75 g/tree to control citrus nematodes in severe
infestations.
Application of 20 g Pseudomonas fluorescens formulation per tree at a depth of 15 cm
and 50 cm away from the trunk once in four months. Soil application of carbofuran 10G
@ 2 g followed by drenching with metalaxyl plus mancozeb 72 WP @ 1% 50 ml/
cutting/ poly bag/ kg of nursery soil for citrus decline.