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Crop Name : Brinjal
Botanical Name : Solanum melongenaL.

Family – Solanaceae

Varieties

1.Punjab Bahar:

  • Plant height is about 93 cm.
  • Fruits are of round, dark purple shinning color having less seeds.
  • It gives average yield of 190 qtl/acre.

2.Punjab No 8:

  • Plants are of medium height.
  • Fruits are of medium size, round shape having light purple color.
  • It gives average yield of 130 qtl/acre.

3.Jamuni GOI (S 16):

  • Variety developed by Punjab Agriculture University.
  • Fruits are long plumy and shining purple color.

4.Punjab Barsati:

  • Variety developed by Punjab Agriculture University.
  • These are tolerant to fruit borer.
  • Fruits are of Medium size, long and purple color.
  • It gives average yield of 140 qtl/acre. 

5.Punjab Neelam:

  • Variety developed by Punjab Agriculture University.
  • Fruits are of long purple color.
  • It gives average yield of 140 qtl/acre.

7.Punjab Sadabahar:

  • Variety developed by Punjab Agriculture University.
  • Fruits are of long black color.
  • It gives average yield of 130 qtl/acre.

8.PH 4:

  • Variety developed by Punjab Agriculture University.
  • Fruits are medium size and long.
  • Fruits are of dark purple color.
  • It gives average yield of 270 qtl/acre.

9.PBH-5:

  • Released in 2017.
  • It gives an average yield of 225 qtl /acre.
  • It has long, shining and black-purple color fruit.

10.PBHR-41:

  • Released in 2016.
  • It gives an average yield of 269qtl/acre.
  • It has round, moderate to large, shining and is greenish purple color fruits.

11.PBHR-42:

  • Released in 2016.
  • It gives an average yield of 261qtl/acre.
  • It has egg-round shape, moderate, shining, and black-purple color fruits.

12.PBH-4:

  • Released in 2016.
  • It gives an average yield of 270qtl/acre.
  • It has moderately long, shining and black-purple color fruits.

13.Punjab Nagina:

  • Released in 2007.
  • It gives an average yield of 145qtl/acre.
  • It has black-purple color and shining fruits.
  • The variety is ready for harvesting after 55 days of sowing.

14.BH 2:

  • Released in 1994.
  • It gives an average yield of 235qtl/acre.
  • The average weight of fruit is 300gm.

15.Punjab Barsati:

  • Released in 1987.
  • It gives an average yield of 140qtl/acre.
  • It has moderately long and shining purple fruit.

Other States Variety:

16.Pusa Purple Long:

  • Early maturing variety.
  • Ready to harvest in 70-80 days after sowing in winter season and 100-110 days during summer season.
  • Plant having medium height, fruits are of long, purple color.
  • It gives average yield of 130 qtl/acre.

17.Pusa Purple Cluster:

  • Developed by ICAR, New Delhi. Medium duration variety.
  • Fruits are of deep purple color and borne in clusters.
  • It is moderately resistant to bacteria wilt.

18.Pusa Hybrid 5:

  • Fruits are long with dark purple color.
  • Ready to harvest in 80-85 days.
  • Gives average yield of 204 qtl/acre.

19.Pusa Purple Round: It is tolerant to little leaf and shoot and fruit borer.

20.Pant Rituraj:

  • Fruits are round with attractive purple color with less seed.
  • Gives average yield of 160 qtl/acre.

Regional Specific Cultivators

  • CO 1, CO2, COBH .1 and COBH.2 – Coimbatore, Erode, Tirupur and Salem
  • MDU-1-Madurai
  • PKM-1-Theni and Madurai
  • PLR 1, PLR (Br) 2- Cuddalore
  •  KKM 1-Tirunelveli
  • PPI-1-Kanyakumari
  • TNAU Brinjal VRM-1-Vellore and Thiruvannamalai

Soil and climate

  •  

Soil –

  • Brinjal is a hardy crop so it can be grown on different type of soils.
  • As it is a long duration crop, it requires well drained fertile sandy loam soil which is best suited for its cultivation and gives good yield.
  • For early crop light soil are good and for high yield clay loam, silt loam are suitable.
  • For good growth pH of soil should be 5.5 to 6.6.

Climate –

Temperature 15-32°C

Rainfall     600-1000 mm

Sowing Temperature        Min. 15-20°C        Max. 28-32°C

Harvesting Temperature   Min  25-30°C        Max 30-32°C 

Season of Sowing
Time of Sowing

  • For first crop, prepare nursery in October and seedlings are ready for transplantation in November.
  • Second crop, prepare nursery in November and transplantation in first fortnight of February.
  • Third crop, sow nursery in February-March and transplantation before end of April.
  • Fourth crop, sow nursery in July and transplantation in August.

 
Nursery Bed Preparation

  • Apply FYM 10 kg, neem cake 1 kg, VAM 50 g, enriched super phosphate 100 g and
    furadon 10 g/m2 before sowing.
  • Area required for raising seedling for planting 1.0 ha is 100 sq.m.

Seed Rate

Use seed rate of 300-400 gm for preparing seedling for one acre land sowing.

Seed Treatment
Seed Treatment

  • For sowing use only Trusted and good seeds.
  • Before sowing do seed treatment with Thiram@3gm or Carbendazim@3gm/kg of seeds.
  • After chemical treatment, treat seeds with Trichoderma viride@4gm/kg of seed, dry in shed and sow immediately.
  • Carbendazim – 3 gm per kg seed
  • Thiram – 3 gm per kg seed

Protected Nursery

  • Prepare the nursery area of 3 cents with slanting slope of 2 % for the seedling production to cover 1 ha.
  • Cover the nursery area with 50 % shade net and cover the sides using 40 / 50 mesh insect proof nylon net.
  •  Form raised beds of 1 m width and convenient length and place HDPV pipes at 2m interval for further protection with polythene sheets during rainy months.
  •  Mix sterilized cocopeat @ 300 kg with neem cake 5 kg along with Azospirillum and phosphobacteria each @ 1 kg. Approximately 1.2 kg of cocopeat is required for filling
  • one protray. 200 protrays are required for the production of 18,700 seedlings, which are required for one hectare adopting a spacing of 90 x 60 x 75 cm in paired row system.
  • Sow the treated seeds in protrays @ 1 seed per cell.
  • Cover the seeds with cocopeat and keep the trays one above the other and cover with a polythene sheet till germination starts.
  • After 6 days, place the protrays with germinated seeds individually on the raised beds inside the shade net.
  • Water with rose-can everyday and drench with 19:19:19 @ 0.5% (5g/l) at 18 days after sowing.

Field Preparation

  • Thoroughly prepare the field with the addition of FYM @ 25 t / ha and form ridges
    and furrows at a spacing of 60 cm.
  • Apply 2 kg / ha of Azospirillum and 2 kg / ha of Phosphobacteria by mixing with 50 kg of FYM.
  • Irrigate the furrows and transplant 30-35 daysold seedlings at 60 cm apart on the ridges.

Spacing
Spacing

  • The spacing generally depends on the variety (size and spread and bearing period) soil fertility.
  • Use row to row spacing of 60 cm and plant to plant spacing of 35-40 cm.

Sowing DepthIn nursery sow seeds at depth of 1 cm and then covered with soil. Method of SowingTransplantation of seedling in main field.
Mulching

Mulch with black LDPE sheets of 25 micron thickness and bury both the ends into the soil to a depth of 10 cm.

Weed Control

 

  • Generally two – four weeding’s and hoeing are necessary for weed control, aeration and for the good growth of plants.
  • Mulching with black polythene film reduces weed growth and maintains soil temperature.
  • To control weeds efficiently, do pre-plant soil application of Fluchloralin@800-1000 ml/acre or Oxadiazon@400g/acre and pre-plant surface spraying of Alachlor@2 ltr/acre for better results.

Irrigation

  • Irrigate the field after every third or fourth day during the summer season and after 12 to 15 days during the winter season.
  • Timely irrigation is very important for high yields of brinjal.
  • Brinjal fields should be regularly irrigated to keep the soil moist during frosty days.
  • Avoid water stagnation in field as brinjal cannot tolerate water logging.

Layout and Planting for Drip irrigation and Fertigation

  • Apply FYM @ 25 t / ha as basal dose before last ploughing.
  •  Apply 2 kg/ha of Azospirillum and 2 kg/ha Phosphobacteria by mixing with 50 kg of FYM.
  •  Apply 75 % total recommended dose of superphosphate i.e. 703 kg / ha as basal.
  • Install the drip irrigation with main and sub main pipes and place lateral tubes at an interval of 1.5 m.
  •  Place the drippers in lateral tubes at an interval of 60 cm and 50 cm spacing with 4LPH and 3.5 LPH capacities respectively.
  •  Form raised beds of 120 cm width at an interval of 30 cm and place the laterals at the centre of the each bed.
  •  Before planting, wet the beds using drip system for 8-12 hrs.
  •  Planting to be done at a spacing of 90x60x75 cm in the paired row system, using ropes marked at 75 cm spacing.
  •  Spray Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha or Fluchloralin 1.0 kg a.i/ha as pre-emergence herbicide at 3rd day after planting.
  •  Gap filling to be done at 7th day after transplanting.

Manuring

Apply 2 kg each of Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria in the mainfield at planting.

Varieties

  • Basal dose : FYM 25 t/ha, NPK 50:50:30 kg/ ha.
  • Top dressing : 50 kg N/ha on 30th day of planting or during earthing up.

Hybrids

Basal dose : FYM 25 t/ha, NPK 100:150:100 kg/ha.
Top dressing : 100 kg N/ha on 30th day of planting or during earthing up.

Fertigation Schedule for Brinjal hybrids

Fertigation schedule for hybrids
Recommended dose: 200:150: 100 kg / ha

Stage

Crop stage

Duration in days

Fertilizer grade

Fertilizer (kg/ha)

Nutrient applied

% of requirement

N

P

K

N

P

K

1

Transplanting
to plant
establishment
stage

10

19:19:19 +MN
13:0:45
Urea

39.47
5.50
25.65

7.50
0.70
11.80

7.50
–
–

7.50
2.50
–

10.00

5.00

10.00

Subtotal

20.00

7.50

10.00

 

 

 

2

Vegetative
stage

30

12:61:0
13:0:45
Urea

24.50
88.89
142.4

2.94
11.56
65.50

15.00
–
–

40.00
–
–

40.00

10.00

40.00

Subtotal

80.00

15.00

40.00

 

 

 

3

Flower
initiation to
first picking

30

19:19:19
+MN
13.0:45
Urea

39.47
50.00
100.00

7.50
6.50
46.00

7.50
–
–

7.50
22.50
–

30.00

5.00

30.00

Subtotal

60.00

7.50

30.00

 

 

 

4

Harvesting

80

12:61:0
13:0:45
Urea

12.30
44.40
71.13

1.48
5.80
32.72

7.50
–
–

–
20.00
–

20.00

5.00

20.00

Subtotal

40.00

7.50

20.00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

200.00

37.50

100.0 0

100

25

100

75% RD of Phosphorus applied as superphosphate = 703 kg / ha.
 1. 19:19:19 = 79 kg / ha ;  2. 13:0:45 = 189 kg/ ha ;  3. 12:61:0 = 37 kg / ha ;  4. Urea = 340 kg / ha

Growth Regulators
Spray 2 ppm (1 ml in 500 lit) Triacontanol plus Sodium Borate or Borax 35 mg/l of
water 15 days after transplanting and at the time of full bloom to increase the yield.
Micronutrient Spray
0.5% Zn sulphate thrice at 10 days interval if deficiency noticed in
plants
After Cultivation
Hand weeding, top dressing and earthing up on 30th day of planting.
Plant Protection

1 ) Fruit and Shoot Borer:

Symptoms-

  • It is one of the major and serious insect pests of brinjal.
  • A short pinkish caterpillar bores into the terminal shoot and eats internal tissue in initial stages, later it bores into the young fruit.
  • The large holes can be seen on the infected fruits.

Management-

  • Scout field every week after transplanting for fruit and shoot borer infestation.
  • Take spray of Triazophos@20ml/10Ltr water and Neem extract@50gm/Ltr, one month after transplanting.
  • Repeat spray with interval of 10-15 days.
  • For high population spray Spinosad@1ml/Ltr of water.
  • Avoid spraying of Triazophos or any other insecticide after fruit maturation and harvest.
  • 2 ) Aphids :

Vegetable: Aphid, Melon | UMass Center for Agriculture, Food and the ...

  • Symptoms-
  • The plants are also attacked by mite, aphids and mealy bug.
  • They suck the sap from the leaves resulting in yellowing and drooping of leaves.
  • Management-
  •  Spray of Deltamethrin + Triazophos combination@ 10ml/10Ltr of water.
  • Spray with Acetamiprid@5gm/15Ltr of water.

3) Thrips : 

melon thrips (Thrips palmi ) on eggplant (Solanum melongena ) - 0660066

Management–

  • To check severity  keep blue sticky traps@6-8 per acre and to reduce the incidence take spray of Verticillium lecani@5gm/Ltr of water.
  • To control take spray of Fipronil@2ml/Ltr of water.

4) Mite:

Red spider mite

Management-

If infestation of Mite is observed in field, to control take spray of Abamectin@1-2ml/Ltr or Fenazaquin@2ml/Ltr of water.

5) Leaf eating caterpillar: 

What Do Caterpillars Eat? - WorldAtlas

Management–

  • Caterpillars is seen mostly at initial stage of crop.
  • To control spray with neem based pesticides.
  • Spray of chemicals pesticides like Emamectin benzoate@4gm or Lambda Cyhalothrin@2ml/1Ltr of water.

Nutritional deficiency

1.Nitrogen

Nitrogen

Deficiency Symptoms
  • Light green to a yellowing symptom first occurs in older leaves progressing to the newer leaves. 
  • Firing of the older leaves. 
  • Leaves plants stunted with hard, fibrous and slender stems.
  • Older leaves become stiff.
Correction Measure

Foliar spray of Urea 2% twice at weekly interval

2.Potassium

Potassium

Deficiency Symptoms
  • Older leaves affected first. 
  • Leaf tips and margins turn yellow and then become scorched continuing inward to the leaf center. 
  • Leaf margin cup downward interveinal leaf necrosis restricted growth. 
  • Poorly developed roots and fruit.
Correction Measure

Foliar application of K2SO4 @1%.

3.Magnesium

Magnesium

Deficiency Symptoms
  • Interveinal chlorosis of older larger leaves veins remain green necrotic areas with time and die. 
  • Leaf margins curl upward purple tinting on older leaves smaller fruit.
Correction Measure

Foliar spray of MgSO4 @2%.

4.Calcium

Calcium

Deficiency Symptoms
  • Necrosis at tip and margins of newer immature leaves nearest the terminal growth with a distorted appearance stems thick fibrous retarded growth terminal buds die. 
  • Brown to Black leathery spots on the underside of fruits.
Correction Measure

Foliar spray of 2% Calcium sulphate twice at weekly intervals.

5.Sulphur

Sulphur

Deficiency Symptoms

Newer leaves light green to yellowish leaf veins appear lighter in color leaf tips cupping downward stems hard fibrous and spindly.

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of K2SO4 1%.

6.Boron

Boron

Deficiency Symptoms

Leaves chlorotic small thick brittle and misshapened the base of the new leaves wrinkled or deformed internodes short with a resetting appearance terminal bud dies.

Correction Measure

Soil application of borax 5 Kg /ha or foliar spray of borax 0.2%.

7.Manganese

Manganese

Deficiency Symptoms

Upper newer leaves affected first interveinal chlorosis veins remaining green chlorotic sports become necrotic and brown plants stunted.

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of 0.5% MnSO4

8.Iron

Iron

Deficiency Symptoms

Leaf veins remain green interveinal portion turns yellow young leaves small but not deformed.

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of 0.5% FeSO4

9.Zinc

Zinc

Deficiency Symptoms

Young leaves small and narrow with interveinal yellow to white coloration, Necrotic spotting of older leaves.

Correction Measure

Soil application of 20-25 Kg ZnSO4/ha or foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5%.

Diseases

1) Damping Off :

Symptoms-

  • Moist and poorly drain soil causes damping off disease.
  • It is soil borne and serious disease of brinjal.
  • Water soaking and shriveling of stem occurs.
  • Seedlings killed before emergence.
  • If it appears in nursery the entire lot of seedling may get destroyed.

Management-

  • Before sowing do seed treatment with Thiram@3gm per Kg of seeds.
  • Do soil solarisation of nursery soil.
  • If damping off is observed in nursery.
  • Drained out water and drenched soil of nursery with Copper Oxychloride@3gm/Ltr of water.

2) Phomopsis Blight and Fruit Rot:

Symptoms-

  • Dark brown color spots appear on leaves.
  • Fruit show watery lesion and becomes black in appearance.

Management-

  • Before sowing do seed treatment with Thiram@3gm per kg of seeds.
  • Use blight disease resistant variety for cultivation.
  • Spray of Zineb@2gm/Ltr of water or [email protected] per litre of water.

3) Little Leaf:

AGRICULTURE: BRINJAL DISEASES PICTURES

Symptoms-

  • The affected leaves become thinner.
  • The petal turn green leaf like.
  • Infected plant does not bear fruit.
  • The disease is transmitted by leaf hopper.

Management-

  • Use disease resistant variety.
  • In nursery use 10% Foret (20 gm, for 3 X 1 m broad bed).
  • At time of sowing apply Phorate in between two rows of seeds.
  • If infection observed, at initial stage, removed disease affected plants.

4) Mosaic:

Symptoms-

  • Light and green patches observed on leaves.
  • Small bubbles or Blisters are form on leaves and leaf size remains small.  

Management-

  • Select healthy and disease free seeds for cultivation. .
  • Recommendations given for aphids may be adopted.
  • Take spray of Acephate 75SP@1gm/Ltr or Methyl demeton 25EC@2ml/Ltr of water or Dimethoate@2ml/Ltr of water.

5) Wilt:

Symptoms-

  • Dropping of entire leaves along with yellowing of crops.
  • Wilting or drying of entire plant is seen.
  • If infected stems cut and dipped in water, a white milky stream appears.
  • Management-
  • Follow crop rotation.
  • Cultivation of brinjal after french bean helps in controlling wilt.
  • Remove and destroyed infected plant parts away from field.
  • Avoid water stagnation in the field, to control wilt drench soil with of Copper [email protected]/1Ltr of water.

Yield

Varieties : 25 – 30 t/ha
Hybrids : 60 t/ha

Market Information

Crop Growing districts:   Vellore, Salem, Krishnagiri, Dindigul, Coimbatore
Major markets in Tamil Nadu:  Ottanchatram, Dindigul, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin and Nagercoil
Grade Specification: Colour, Size, Glossy, smooth and tender.
Colour: light purple or dark purple, green, purple coloured with white stripes.
Size: 25-30 cm long, oblong or round