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Tapioca(Manihot esculenta Crantz; Euphorbia

CO 2, CO 3, CO (Tp) 4, CO (Tp ) 5, MVD 1, H 165, H 226, Sree Visakham (H.1687), Sree Sahya (H.2304), Sree Prakash (S. 856), Sree Vijaya, Sree Jaya, Sree Rekha, Sree Prabha, Sree Athulya, Sree Raksha (CMD resistant), Yethapur 1 (YTP 1)
Well drained soil preferably red lateritic loam with a pH range of 5.5-7.0 is ideal. Thrives best in tropical, warm humid climate with well distributed rainfall of over 100 cm per annum. Cultivated upto an elevation of 1000 m.
Plant throughout the year under irrigation. Plant during April for rainfed crop. Select healthy mosaic free vigorous plants for taking planting materials. Prepare setts of 15 cm long with 8 – 10 nodes from the middle portion of the stem. Avoid mechanical damage while preparation and handling of setts. The cut end should be uniform. Dip the setts in Carbendazim 1 g in one liter of water for 15 minutes before planting to prevent tuber rot. Dip the setts in Dimethoate @ 2 ml/litre of water + Carbendazim @ 2 g/litre of water for 15 minutes before planting. Scale insects and mealy bug adhering to the planting materials may be destroyed by the sett treatment Plant the setts vertically with buds pointing upward on the sides of ridges. 12,500 setts are needed for planting one ha. For rainfed conditions, treat the setts with a mixture of potassium chloride @ 5 g/lit and micronutrients viz., ZnSO4 and FeSO4 each @ 0.5% for 20 minutes.Dip the setts for 20 minutes in Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria each at 30 g/l
The protocol for virus elimination through tissue culture has been standardized for the varieties MVD 1 and H 226 by using meristem culture. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with BAP at 0.1 mg/l for meristem establishment and shoot growth, and MS medium without growth regulators for rooting have to be followed. The in vitro plantlets are to be hardened in sterile pot mixture (sand : soil : FYM in 1 : 1: 1) under mist chamber for 10-15 days and later kept under shade net for 10 days before transferring them to the open field.

Plough the field 4 – 5 times to get a fine tilth. The soil depth should be atleast 30 cm.
Form ridges and furrows at the following spacings:


Irrigated
75 x 75 cm (17,777 setts) and 90 x 90 cm (12,345 setts).


Rainfed
60 x 60 cm (27,777 setts)


Under Kanyakumari conditions
90 x 90 cm (12,345 setts

First irrigation is given at the time of planting. Life irrigation is given on the 3rd day followed by once in 7 – 10 days upto 3rd month and once in 20 – 30 days upto 8th month.
Install drip system with main and sub-main and place the inline laterals at the interval of 1.5 m. Place the drippers at the interval of 60 cm for 4 LPH and 50 cm for 3.5 LPH in the lateral system. Form the raised beds at 120 cm width at an interval of 30cm and place the laterals at the centre of each bed.
Raise CO 2 vegetable cowpea during March and harvest green pods before planting cassava during June –July. After green pod harvest, incorporate the cowpea haulms into the field by disc ploughing. Through sequential cropping, 50% reduction in application of FYM (12.5 t/ha) and P (30 kg/ha) is ensured.

Irrigated crop
Apply 25 t FYM/ha and incorporate at the time of planting. Apply 45:90:120 kg NPK/ha as basal and 45:120 kg NK/ha 90 days after planting during earthing up. Apply 25kg ZnSo4, 20 kg S as gypsum, 10 kg Borax ha-1 as basal soil application.


Rainfed crop
Apply FYM at 12.5 t/ha along with 50 kg N, 65 kg P and 125 kg K/ha as basal. Apply 2 kg of Azotobactor through soil application at 30 – 60 days after planting on receipt of showers (2.0 kg Azotobacter + 20 kg FYM + 20 kg soil per hectare).

90: 90 :240 kg of NPK / ha. Apply once in every three days throughout the cropping period.

60 x 90cm in paired row system.

Crop Stage
Durati
on in
Days
Fertilizer
Grade
Total
Fertilizer
(kg/ha)
Nutrient supplied % Requirement
N P K N P K
Planting to crop
establishment 20
19:19:19+MN
13-0-45
0-0-50
23.57
34.67
7.87
4.48
4.50
–
4.48
–
–
4.48
15.6
3.93
10.0
0
5.00 10.00
Sub total 8.98 4.48 24.0 47.3
–
Vegetative 70
12-61-0
13-0-45
Urea
11.40
105.33
26.80
1.34
13.69
12.33
6.80
–
–
–
47.3
–
30.0 7.5 20.00
Sub total 27.36 6.80 47.3
Tuber formation 60
12-61-0
0-0-50
Urea
11.40
144.00
55.73
1.34
–
25.64
6.80
–
–
–
72.0
–
30.0 7.50 30.00
Sub total 26.98 6.80 72.0
Tuber
development 90
19:19:19+MN
0-0-50
Urea
23.57
182.67
48.87
4.48
–
22.48
4.48
–
–
4.48
92.3
–
30.0 5.00 40.00
Total duration 240 sub total 26.96 4.48 96.8
Total
90.28
(or)
90
22.56
(or)
22.50
240.2
(or)
240
100 25 100
 75% RD of Phosphorus applied as superphosphate 421.88 kg/ha.

141
1. 19:19:19 = 47kg / ha.
2. 13:0:45 = 140kg/ha.
3. 12:61:0 = 23kg/ha
4. 0:0:50 = 335kg / ha
5. Urea = 132 kg / ha.

Foliar spray of 1% FeSO4 + 0.5% ZnSO4 at 60 and 90 DAP.
Fill up the gaps within 20 days of planting. Carry out first weeding 20 days after planting. Subsequent weeding should be done once in a month upto 5 months depending upon the weed intensity. Thin to two shoots per plant during 60th day. Grow aggregatum onion, coriander, short duration pulses and short duration vegetables as intercrops from planting date upto 60 days

Pests
Mites: Soaking spray with dicofol 18.5 EC 2.5 ml/l during 3rd and 5th month.


White fly (Bemisia tabaci)
Integrated pest management practices:
1. Remove alternate weed hosts viz., Abutilon indicum.
2. Install yellow sticky trap at 12 Nos/ha.
3. Use nitrogen judiciously.
4. Avoid excessive irrigation.
5. Spray neem oil 3 % or fish oil rosin soap 25 g/l or Methyl demeton 25 EC 2 ml/l. While using neem oil, teepol or sandovit should be added at 1 ml/l for better contact with foliage.
Apply Methyl demeton in the early stage and Phosalone in the later stages of crop growth.
6. Avoid use of synthetic pyrethroids.
7. Avoid extending the crop growth beyond its duration.


Spiralling whitefly
1. Install sticky cum light trap and operate between 4 and 6 am to attract adults.
2. Conserve parasitoids Encarsia haitiensis and E. guadeloupae.


Papaya mealy bug
Release of mealy bug parasitioid (Acerophagus papayae) @100 Nos./acre.

Mosaic
 Select the planting materials from healthy plants
 Remove alternate weed hosts viz., Abutilon indicum
 Install yellow sticky trap at 12 Nos/ha
 Use nitrogen judiciously
 Avoid excessive irrigation
 Spray neem oil @ 3 % or fish oil rosin soap @ 25 g/l or methyl demeton 25 EC @ 2ml/l. While using neem oil, teepol should be added at 1 ml/l for better contact with foliage
 Apply methyl demeton in the early stage and phosalone in the late stages of crop growth
 Avoid extending the crop growth beyond its duration


Cercospora Leaf spot
 Spray mancozeb @ 2 g/l twice at 15 days interval


Tuber rot
 Avoid water stagnation
 Give good drainage facilities
 Spot drench with copper oxychloride @ 2.5 g/l or soil application of Trichoderma asperellum @ 2.5 kg/ha as basal and at 3rd and 6th month after planting

9 to 11 months

Crop can be harvested at 9 to 11 months after planting. During tuber maturity, the leaves become yellow and 50 % of leaves become dried and sheds off. The soil near the stem base of the stem shows cracking. Tubers can be uprooted by using fork or crow bar.

Irrigated : 40 – 50 t/ha
Rainfed : 20 – 25 t/ha

Crop Growing districts                           Salem, Namakkal, Erode, Dharmapuri, Villupuram
Major markets in Tamil Nadu              Salem, Dharmapuri, Erode

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